Goodbye Swaziland!

How can it be that our six week project is over with already? Yesterday was HOT, so Twana, Kusa and I jumped into the pool at the Ezulwini Sun. The four of us have had a good time together, singing Bee Gees tunes at the top of our lungs, eating Chinese, walking in Mantegna looking for monkeys...James even cooked us Old El Paso Mexican during his last night here. Tonight is my last night here. Goodbye, crazy, sweet Swaziland!

Visit to Chimp Eden

Last Saturday, we had the opportunity to travel to South Arica to visit a chimpanzee sanctuary called Chimp Eden.

This facility has three enclosures in which several different chimpanzee social groups live. Visitors are able to view chimpanzees up close and personal. Of course the chimpanzees are behind a fence as they can be quite dangerous. Although chimpanzees are not naturally vicious animals, males will aggressive defend their territory, even against humans. Therefore, Chimp Eden is a “hands-off” facility, in which there is minimal interaction between the chimps and humans. The chimpanzees do respond to their names and come to the fence several times a day to be given fruit, but even staff members do not generally enter the enclosures. This type of system allows the chimpanzees to live in a setting which mimics as closely as possible their natural environment. It is also less stressful for the animals, as chimpanzees are quite smart (as intelligent as a six year old human child) and thus recognize they are being watched.

This facility was started because many chimpanzees need to be rescued and rehabilitated. Chimpanzees, which only live in the forests of equatorial Africa, are being displaced because much of their natural habitat is being destroyed at an alarming rate. Their forests are being cut down for several reasons, including the need for more farm land for the ever increasing human population, as well as logging for the production of firewood and wood products. In addition, many chimpanzees are captured and sold in the exotic pet trade, or to entertainment companies to perform in circuses and for television.

Chimpanzees and bonobos (also sometimes called pygmy chimps) are the closest living relatives of humans. Our two evolutionary lineages split from a common ancestor as recently as six million years ago. We are so close in fact, that chimpanzees and humans share over 96% of our DNA. Because of this close evolutionary relationship we, as humans, can learn much about ourselves from studying the biology and behavior of our animal “cousins”.

Putting the Pieces Together

I have spent the last several weeks cleaning the bones and reassembling the numerous fragments. In total there were four boxes of unidentified bones. As mentioned, these boxes contained many human and animal bones, as well as some cultural material, such as pottery fragments, a couple of beads (one made from glass and one from ostrich egg shell), and a piece of metal.

Over the last few days I have been putting together a couple of human skulls from the last box of bones. This can be a painstaking process which can require a good deal of patience (which my mother would say I have little of). The first photo accompanying this blog posting shows the more fragmented of the two skulls after I had assembled the pieces. There are more than 45 individual bone fragments (some of them numbered) included in the reconstruction, some quite large but others rather small.

It is also of interest to note how many individuals are represented by the human remains. This can be accomplished by counted the number of similar bones, for example the number of mandibles (or lower jaw bones). As can be seen in the second photo, there are mandibles (or partial mandibles) from 4 different individuals, just from the last box. The photo also illustrates several interesting features of two of the mandibles. For the partial mandible in the upper right of the photo, the black arrow points to the rounded bone in front of the single tooth. The bone is rounded, and does not have small holes for tooth roots, because this individual lost several teeth during his/her lifetime. In addition, the red arrow points to the black hole in the side of the tooth, which represents tooth decay (or a cavity). Therefore, this individual most likely was older and/or had poor dental heath. The partial mandible in the lower right of the photo is from a subadult, most likely younger than three years of age. The black arrow points to the permanent incisor which is still developing in the jaw and had not emerged into the mouth, which happens later during childhood.

Animals & Insects & a charging elephant

Some more Swazi dancing for CSM

Documenting Human Remains

Before any anthropological study of the human remains can be undertaken, the bones need to be properly cleaned, identified, and catalogued. The cleaning process is fairly straightforward: the bones are washed with water and a soft brush is used to remove any dirt and small roots still adhering to them. The bones are then laid out on newspaper for a couple of days to air dry (not a problem here in Swaziland with the intense heat).

Once the remains are completely dry, the human bones are separated from the non-human (or animal) bones. In many cases this is a relatively easy task because many parts of the human skeleton are very distinctive. However, when the bones are fragmentary (or broken into a number of smaller pieces) it may be quite difficult to determine if the remains are those of a human or another animal. This is due to in part to the fact that humans share the same types of bones (such as arm and leg bones, ribs, and vertebrae) with many animals, particularly other mammals.

The next step in the documentation process is to refit bone fragments together. Again, this can be relatively easy to accomplish when bones have only been broken into two or three large pieces. However, when bones are highly fragmentary and consist of numerous pieces, sometimes smaller than a dime, this can be quite challenging. It is often like trying to put together a jigsaw puzzle, but with some of the pieces missing. Once the bones are reassembled, each human bone or bone fragment is identified, if possible, as to the type of bone (femur, humerus, mandible) and to which side of the body (left or right).

"House on Fire" and Maladela's are a complex of adobe buildings, handshaped according to the artistic whims of the owners. An English pub (complete with red faced, loud Euro-Africans), an Internet cafe, a gallery and an outdoor ampitheater are some of the sites here, as well as Gone Rural (the shop where a highly successful women's weaving business is located) and an indoor stage. One-of-a-kind place that attracts residents and visitors.

Swazi animals of various shapes and sizes

Modern and Old Swazi Clay Pots

Part of my work at the Museum is to inventory
cultural objects, such as these clay pots. The two traditional pots were used for storing seeds or grains. The modern pots were made by a woman named Cass Mamba, who started a program to hire Swazi women to create new/old pots to help them earn money. The museum has a large and fine collection of the Hawu pots, which are not made anymore. I need to go call on this woman, and document the work she did before it passes away into unknown history. Clay pots can be found far back in African prehistory, and are important to archaeologists, historians and the like due to their unique styles. James and I are reading quite a bit about ceramics, because sherds were found with the bones he is working on. If we can identify the stylistic patterns found on the sherds, it is possible to have a rough idea about the ethnic group that made the pots (it is probable they pre-dated the Swazi people) and perhaps a time range. We will talk about this in other posts.

The stick man dances at Mantenga!

James and Dem Bones

Why Study Bones?

The study of human bones and teeth is very important to physical anthropology. There are three main areas of research in which knowledge of the human skeleton is often applied.

The first is forensic anthropology, recently popularized by TV shows such as Bones and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. Forensic anthropologists use scientific methods developed in physical anthropology to aid law enforcement officials in legal or crminal investigations. Experts in this field examine human bones and teeth with the goal of extracting as much information as possible about recently deceased (dead) personsand about the circumstances surrounding their deaths.

The other two research areas in which knowledge of the human skeleton is commonly applied are historical (or relate to the past). Paleoanthropology ("paleo" refers to something old) is the study of ancient humans from fossilized bones and teeth. Researchers in this field are interested in determining who our ancestors were and then, how, and why they evolved. Bioarchaeologists, on the other hand, study human skeletal remains from the more recent archaeological sites. This may include 3,000 year old mummies from Ancient Egypt or human bones recovered from Aztec cities in Mexico dating to only a few hundred years ago. It also includes the skeletal remains that I will be studying while in Swaziland (more to come!).

Because the bones and teeth of the skeleton do not decompose as easily as the soft tissues (such as skin and muscle) they provide the most lasting record of an indvidual's existence. It is possible to estaimate an indvidual's age, sex, ancestry (or "race") and stature (or height) from their bones and teeth. It is also sometimes possible to identify diseases or injuries (such as broken bones) an indvidual may have suffered in life. Skeletal evidence also has the potential to provide information on prehistoric cultural behaviors, such as burial customs and diet.

Having fun at Mantenga Cultural Village

Here you see pictures of my bff Twana and her son Kusa giving James a tour of Mantenga Cultural Village. You see the smoke coming from the Swazi hut? That day, Twana and the other park rangers had to cull the Vervet monkeys. In the hut (which we went into) Swazi men were cooking up the monkeys in an iron pot. James immediately reminded Twana that animals carry disease and should not be eaten! I would have tried a piece, but it wasn't done.

RIP Pinky Tuscadero

Few of you have heard this story, which should have had a better ending. Last time I was in Swaziland, a little white dog, probably less than 10 pounds, turned up at the museum. She was barely alive, covered with the mange. I certainly came close to crying when I saw that the museum staff I worked with had tied her to a pole, left a bowl of water, and just ignored her. No one wanted to touch her. I acted without thinking, grabbing the sweet thing (she was so happy to have attention, she kept trying to lick my face) and headed towards the vet.

By the time I got there and the vet saw her (and gave her a shot of some sort to stop her itching) I was in tears. Then I made my way over to Swaziland's only animal rescue facility and left her there for a special shampooing and potential adoption. The next day I picked her up and brought her with me to the museum. What a cutie pie -- but so tiny, I thought I would step on her little bones and crush her flat. She was looking much better -- all the junk cleared out of her eyes (she could hardly see the day before and one eye was glued shut). Sure enough, one of my co-workers expressed interest in having her, as she liked small dogs and had two already.

I had already spoken to the rescue people about me bringing her to the USA, and they thought I would be able to without a long quaratine. But, I didn't follow up, and when this "parent" presented herself, I said o.k. -- with the caveat that Pinky (her skin was so pink under that white fur) would have a bed all her own on the porch (Swazis do not let dogs in the house. Period).

So, when I got back the other day, I asked my co-worker, how is Pinky Tuscadero? And, in a typical Swazi way, she said, well, Pinly didn't realize that "playing" with snakes was bad. Pinky was bit and died.

I always regretted that I didn't try to take Pinky home with me. I was worried about customs, having her on a 15-hour flight, etc. But, boy, I really should have. She was tiny enough to put in my handbag. RIP Pinky.

A plethora of pap! Friday was the opening of Parliament (which is right next door to the museum). Many Swazis attended in traditional dress (because the King and Queen Mother were in attendance, much like the Queen of England oversees the opening of Parliament in London with a speech). Though I saw a bit of the goings-on inside on TV, I was more interested in the number of cooking pots of pap, which everyone would eat after the assembly.

Swaziland is said to be in trouble, now that the economic global crisis has filtered down to this small country. The government depends on monies from South Africa given through a special tax. Because South Africa is not getting enough money from this visitor's tax, Swaziland's government has had to slash many departments.

Summer Swazi Landscape

It's summertime in Swaziland, and baby, it's hot outside!

Because the weather is hot and humid, rainfall is common, and therefore grasses are green, and flowers are in bloom.

The picture of the driveway and shrubs is the frontyard of the Kayyam's house, where we live. The flower pics are just things I've seen while driving along.

Closed fish market

Humans Studying Humans

Hi All. My name is James Macaluso and I am a physical anthropologist (and Laura’s younger brother) who will be joining the team in Swaziland this year.

For those of you unfamiliar with the term, “anthropology” is derived from the Greek words anthrōpos (“human”) and –logia (“study”). Therefore, simply put, anthropology is the science of humankind.

As the focus of anthropology is very broad it is divided into several specialized fields of research. Cultural anthropologists study all aspects of human behavior in contemporary (or living) societies, including marriage customs, subsistence patterns, political organization, ethnicity, art, religion, music, technology, and language. Archaeologists (made famous by the fictional exploits of Indiana Jones) reconstruct, describe, and interpret past human behavior through the study of material remains called artifacts (such as pottery, tools, or food remains).

Although archaeologists are best known for studying prehistory (or the period before the invention of writing), historical archaeologists examine the evidence of later, more complex civilizations that produced written records, including living peoples.
The last subfield of anthropology, and which is my area of expertise, is biological (or physical) anthropology. This field of study is concerned with the non-cultural aspects of humankind. Non-cultural refers to all of those biological characteristics that are genetically inherited from parent to offspring in contrast to those that are learned. Some biological anthropologists are interested in understanding human variation (or the way in which people differ physically throughout the world) and human adaptation (or how people adjust to different environmental stresses, such as living at high altitudes or in environments that have extreme temperatures). Other physical anthropologists study the fossil record of early humans or our primate relatives (monkeys and apes, such as chimpanzees) in order to understand our evolutionary history—or how our ancestors changed through time to become what we are today. Central to physical anthropology is the study of the human skeleton (bones and teeth).

In future posts I hope to provide a little information concerning the scientific research I will be conducting at the National Museum while in Swaziland. I also look forward to your questions and comments about my research and other interesting facts concerning the natural history of Swaziland and its people.

Wild bird rehabilitation center at Mololotja

Twana, Kusa and I went up to Mololotja to see the beginnings of a wild bird rehabilitation center that Australian Nikki and her English boyfriend Jason were hired to create. They had a few falcons and owls and were making progress on helping these injured birds get back to flight status. Unfortunately, they did not get the support they needed from the park, and their year of work was for naught. A sad story indeed. Oh, yes, that is a locust you see in the first pic. I saw red, yellow and greens ones. A bit scary if you think about them in hoards.

Swazi snack food

My dear friend Twana prepared this snack for her family, and I just happened to visit. Her daughter was sitting on the couch, eating these flying insects (that taste a little like eggs -- thanks to the eggs in their little bodies). I put one in my mouth and ran around the room screaming. Her son Kusa, looked at me like was an idiot. I was. This snack food is gathered after a rain, when the insects lose their ability to fly. They are gathered, dried, you pull off the wings and pop them into your mouth.